The throttle position sensor (TPS) is a vital component in modern vehicles that monitors the position of the throttle valve, which controls the amount of air entering the engine. Located on the throttle body, the TPS sends voltage signals to the engine's computer (ECU) indicating if the throttle plate is closed, partially open, or fully open. This data allows the ECU to precisely calculate the required air/fuel mixture and ignition timing for optimal engine operation and fuel efficiency.

Disconnecting the throttle position sensor can lead to a variety of issues impacting drivability:

Engine Performance Issues
- Poor engine running or stalling
- Rough or unstable idling
- Hesitation or lack of power during acceleration
- Increased fuel consumption
- Engine misfires

Warning Indicators
- Check engine light illumination
- Diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs) stored in the vehicle's computer

Transmission Problems
- In some vehicles, the TPS data also aids in transmission control, so disconnecting it can cause irregular or harsh gear shifting.

Failsafe Mode
- Many modern cars will activate a ""limp mode"" that restricts engine power and performance if critical sensors like the TPS malfunction as a protective measure.

Essentially, without the TPS data, the ECU cannot properly manage air/fuel delivery or ignition timing, resulting in combustion issues and compromised drivability.

- Wear and tear over time
- Electrical issues like wiring faults or loose connections
- Contamination from debris, oil or moisture
- Improper calibration or sensor misalignment 
- Physical damage from impact
- Oxidation and corrosion
- Defects from manufacturing 

While procedures can vary by vehicle, a basic calibration typically involves:
1. Engine off
2. Locate the TPS 
3. Fully depress and release accelerator pedal 5-10 times
4. Turn ignition off and allow ECU to relearn pedal values
5. Start engine and idle to allow ECU adaptation

- Bypassing the TPS is generally not recommended unless performed by a professional, as it can severely impact engine operation.
- Cleaning the TPS with an electronics cleaner may provide a temporary fix for light contamination, but a faulty sensor will likely need full replacement.

1. Disconnect battery negative cable
2. Locate TPS on throttle body and disconnect wiring
3. Remove any fasteners securing old sensor 
4. Install new TPS, securing it in the correct position
5. Reconnect battery and start engine
6. Perform test drive to verify repair

- Reset TPS by disconnecting battery briefly 
- Use a scan tool to clear any diagnostic trouble codes
- Test drive to monitor throttle response and drivability
- Keep monitoring for any recurring issues
- Follow recommended maintenance schedules 

In summary, the throttle position sensor is crucial for managing engine air/fuel delivery and performance. Disconnecting or having a faulty TPS can significantly impact drivability through issues like rough running, poor acceleration, and transmission problems. Proper diagnosis is key, as the TPS may need calibration, cleaning or full replacement to restore optimal engine operation. Following the recommended procedures and testing thoroughly after replacement is important to avoid further issues.