Typhoid fever is a bacterial  disease caused by salmonella species. There are two three species of salmonella are there are namely salmonella typhi,salmonella paratyphi A ,salmonella paratyphi B etc. The other name of salmonella typhi is salmonella typhimurium. The symptomey of typoid fever is dirrehoe ,vomitting, and the high fever .This disease is transmitted through contaminated food and dirty water. The transmission of this disease is though human only . It can't be transmitted though animal  . It is found that there are around 5,700 cases in the United States, and 75 percent of these start while traveling internationally. This disease can be fatal  if it is not treated in earlier stage with the antibiotics.

When this bacteria enter into the human body ,there is incubation time for this bacteria. After this the symptoms start appearing .symptoms such as fever and rash are most common symptoms seen in the person. Fever is high upto 104 degree and sometimes it is low as 40  . Rashes which are rosy pink not oberved in every patient . Other symptoms include such as

Abdominal pain

Weakness

Constipation

Headache

Rashes

Dirrehoe

Vomitting

Poor appetite

Lethargy

The typhoid fever is caused by salmonella typhi bacterium . It is mainly transmit through contaminated water and food and it is feaco-oral transmitted. People are at high risk who is Traveller and travelling from one place to other . Some people are asymptomatic and hourbour this bacteria in the body .after entering into the body it is multiplying into gastointestinal tract .

The bacteria is transmitted through feaco-oral route .for the diagnosis of this disease docter will asked about the prior history .because if the food is contaminated the bacteria can enter though this . By observing with the symptoms and history docter will suspect the salmonella infection or more probably the typhoid. But the diagnosis is usually confirmed by laboratory cultural method .

There are various methods are available for the diagnosis of  typhoid fever .sample such as blood ,stool or urine sample can be taken for the diagnosis of this disease. Microbiological  methods are available such as immuno assay method . laboratory method can be performed such as streaking those sample into the selective as well as differential media. Selective media such as macckonkey agar ,salmonella shigella agar and differential media such as ss agar can be used . microscopic examination also done to see motility and gram nature of the bacteria .salmonella bacteria are gram negative bacteria and motile in nature .sometimes bone marrow culture are also used for the diagnosis of sensitive salmonella infection.antigen antibody test can also be performed to observe the H antigen on the surface .

Antibiotics is the only treatment available for this disease . By using antibiotics it will helps in the killing of the salmonella bacilli . It was found that prior antibiotics the mortality rate is 20% and after the using of antibiotics the mortality rate was found to be only 1-2% .

Commonly prescribed antibiotics are

This antibiotic is widely used for the treating of the disease. This drug was prescribed in the United State fro the non pragnant women . similar drug such as oflaxcin is also used for the treating of the disease

This is the widely used antibiotic for killing the salmonella bacilli . This disease is prescribed when the salmonella bacteria are resistance to cifrofloaxacin

These medicines are effective against the salmonella infection ,as antibiotic cause side effect as well . These medicine we can buy medicine online in india. Other treatment such as surgery and drinking fluids is there. Drinking fluids is required when the body is dehydrated so to avoid this drinking fluids is there .surgery is needed in the severe cases when the small intestine is perforated.

Salmonella is a bacteria which causes typhoid fever. This disease is transmitted through feaco oral .Approximately 3%-5% of patients become carriers of the bacteria after the acute illness. The diagnosis of the disease can be done by taking samples such as urine ,stool and blood .disease is curable if the particular doses of antibiotics will be given to the patient.

 Waheedunnisa chaudri

Msc microbiology