Spinal stenosis involves a narrowing of the openings in the spinal column, which places pressure on the spinal cord. Alternatively, it may involve a narrowing of the neural foramina, the openings where spinal nerves exit the spinal column. Often occurring with age, it involves spinal disks that grow drier and begin to bulge, and that may also rupture. In addition, arthritis and long-term inflammatory swelling may cause a thickening and enlargement of the ligaments and bones of the spine. Some people are also born with a narrow spinal canal.

In cases of severe spinal stenosis, significant narrowing has occurred, which often results in compression of the cauda equina nerves, which are situated at the spine’s lower end. A group of spinal nerves, as well as nerve rootlets, the cauda equina provides sensation to the legs, and also serves to ensure proper bowel and bladder function.

Among the symptoms of degraded cauda equina are loss of bowel or bladder control and saddle anesthesia. The latter involves weakness, numbness, or tingling throughout the saddle region. There may also be sciatic nerve pain felt on both sides of the body. Weakness or numbness may be present in the legs or feet, and compromise one’s ability to walk.

A non-curable disease, spinal stenosis may also have neurological effects. The only effective treatment is surgery, which employs a technique such as laminectomy. This involves decompressing the spine through removing a portion or all of the lamina, a small bone that covers the spine’s back and functions much like a roof. Removing this creates space in the spine and alleviates the nerve compression.